56年前的9月30日，印尼发生的930事件，这是20世纪最大规模屠杀之一。虽然对这场印尼悲剧中关键利益相关者角色存在分歧，但无可争议的是，其导致的伤亡。对死亡人数的估计，从普遍共识的50万人到最高的200万人。此外，多达60万至75万人被监禁了1至30年之久。
930事件，普遍接受的版本是源起于6名陆军将领被绑架和杀害。之后，当局把这未遂政变企图归咎于印尼共产党。时任陆军战略后备部队司令苏哈托少将迅速控制局势，并逮捕印共领导人。随之而来的是从1965年末到1966年，有组织地杀害印尼各地的印共成员和同情者。
在一段很长的时间里，对于这个印尼历史上最黑暗的日子，官方是沉默和禁止讨论的，不过，近来930事件成为印尼的反省主题，当年受害者和肇事者聚集一起交流讨论。这一切并不是为了指责谁，而是要了解这场可怕悲剧的真相。
虽然印尼尚未成立一个真相与和解委员会，以调查这一事件的原因和后果，并从中吸取教训以治愈社会的伤痕，但印尼社会对930事件的讨论秉持令人鼓舞的开放态度。
需注意的是，尽管印尼历史上曾有人试图从种族角度解释这一事件，但绝大多数受害者，是印尼的非华人民众。据估计，这场悲剧中，印尼华人伤亡人数只占少数，约2000人遇害。
美英澳角色
需要揭开930事件真相的不仅是印尼。最近，签署了旨在“维护印度──太平洋地区和平”的印太安全联盟（AUKUS）军事协定的三个国家——美国、英国和澳洲，也被确认在930事件中，对挑起和怂恿大屠杀发挥了关键作用。
重要的是，要提醒这些国家的公民，如果当年没有他们国家领导人的鼓动和令人发指的“贡献”，就不可能发生臭名昭彰的930事件。
根据2015年11月，由七名国际法官，主持的国际人民法庭，针对1965年印尼发生的反人类罪行，裁定930事件是“旨在消灭一部分人口的屠杀，可归类为种族灭绝行径”。法庭报告也列出其他有根据的指控，包括在劳改营中的奴役、无情的酷刑、有组织性的性暴力和强迫失踪行动。
首席法官扎克·雅库布（Zak Yacoob）表示，“美国、英国和澳洲都在不同程度上参与了这场反人类罪行的屠杀。”法官们指出，美国支持肇事者，“美国很清楚这些肇事实施大规模屠杀计划”。这些支持包括向印尼安全部队提供涉嫌参与共产党的官员名单，并“推测到这将导致名单里的人遭逮捕和/或被处决”。
英国和澳洲也对美国起到了支援作用，这包括通过重复虚假宣传，即使在“非常清楚正在发生杀戮和其他反人类罪行”之后。
尽管澳洲外交部否认该国参与930事件，但最近的研究表明，澳洲政府在930事件中发挥的作用，比众所周知或公认的要大。
2016年在澳洲国立大学举行的930事件50周年纪念会议上，来自布鲁塞尔的国际危机组织，这个防止和解决全球冲突的非营利组织的名誉教授加雷斯·埃文斯（Gareth Evans）在开幕词中指出，
“尽管美国中央情报局本身将这场杀戮（尽管没有任何明显的厌恶情绪）描述为‘20世纪最严重的大屠杀之一’，但印尼的这场杀戮却是这些大屠杀事件中，唯一没有获得国际任何重大关注或任何类型的真相调查，更不用说和解过程。这是上个世纪研究最少、谈论最少的政治种族灭绝，其真相可说姗姗来迟。”
向历史学习
揭开930事件的面纱，不仅是让西方和世界其他地区了解过去犯下的错误；或者在这案例中，用埃文斯的话来说：“印尼930事件是研究政治大屠杀令人警醒案例——当你以特定的方式抹黑和妖魔化对手时，最终通过无耻的手段来达到想要的辩护目的。”
这也可以确保东南亚和其他国家清楚地看到，试图影响和控制其未来的黑暗势力。
西方的捍卫者和拥护者应该思考他们的领导人，在他们的媒体的怂恿下，持续的参与一场无休止的战争，挑起的种族主义和散布恐惧的情绪。
东南亚国家应拒绝被其他国家的政治领导人利用，作为他们向他国宣战的代理人。我们别忘了，那些宣扬支持和平、自由和人权者，有著说谎、假话和双手占满鲜血的悠久历史。
林德宜《印尼和东南亚的转折点：930事件》原文：September 30: Turning Point in Indonesia and Southeast Asia
56 years ago, on 30 September, one of the most widespread mass killings of the 20th century took place in Indonesia. While there is disagreement on the role of the key stake players in this Indonesian tragedy, beyond dispute is the final tally of casualties. Estimates of the people who died range from a general consensus figure of 500,000 to a high of 2 million casualties. In addition, as many as 600,000-750,000 people were imprisoned for periods of between one and thirty years.
The generally accepted version of 30 Sept. is that six Army generals were kidnapped and murdered. The Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) was blamed for the failed coup attempt. An Army special operations battalion quickly took control and captured PKI leaders. What followed was the systematic killing of PKI members and sympathizers from across the country from late 1965 until 1966.
After a period of official silence and discouragement of discussion on this blackest day in Indonesian history, 30 September has more recently become the subject of soul searching in the country with victims and perpetrators coming together. Many have done not to point fingers of blame but to arrive at the truth of this horrific tragedy.
Although an Indonesian truth and reconciliation commission has yet to be established to investigate the causes and consequences of this episode and to arrive at lessons to heal its scars, there has been an encouraging openness within Indonesia to discuss 30 September.
It is important to note that although there have been attempts to provide a racial angle to this episode in Indonesian history, the great majority of victims were ordinary non-Chinese Indonesians. Chinese Indonesian casualties have been estimated at a relatively small number of about 2,000 killed.
Roles of US, UK and Australia in Indonesian Genocide
It is not only Indonesians who need to uncover the truth about 30 September. Three nations - the United States, United Kingdom and Australia - recent signatories of the tripartite military pact, AUKUS, to ‘maintain peace’ in the Indo-Pacific region have been identified as playing a key role in fomenting and abetting the mass killings.
It is important to remind the citizens of these countries that this episode of infamy could not have taken place without their country’s leaders encouragement and heinous contribution.
According to the International People's Tribunal on 1965 Crimes Against Humanity in Indonesia held in November 2015 and presided over by seven international judges the massacres "intended to annihilate a section of the population and could be categorised as genocide”. The tribunal report also highlighted other well founded allegations which included enslavement in labour camps, ruthless torture, systematic sexual violence and forced disappearances.
Chief judge, Zak Yacoob, stated that "the United States of America, the United Kingdom and Australia were all complicit to differing degrees in the commission of these crimes against humanity." The judges noted that the US supported the perpetrators "knowing well that they were embarked upon a programme of mass killings". This backing included providing lists of alleged communist party officials to the Indonesian security forces with a "strong presumption that these would facilitate the arrest and/or the execution of those that were named".
The UK and Australia also played a supporting role to the US including through the repetition of false propaganda, even after it became "abundantly clear that killings and other crimes against humanity were taking place.”
Although Australia's foreign affairs ministry denied that the country was complicit in the killings, recent studies have shown that the Australian Government played a larger role than is commonly known or acknowledged.
In opening remarks to a conference to mark the 50th anniversary of 30 September held at the Australian National University in 2016, Gareth Evans, Professor Emeritus of the International Crisis Group, the Brussels-based independent global conflict prevention and resolution organization, noted that
“although the CIA itself had described the killings (though not in any evident spirit of distaste) as “One of the worst mass murders of the twentieth century”, the Indonesian killings remain the only ones of anything like this scale that have not been the subject of minute international attention or any kind of truth-finding, let alone reconciliation, process. It is the least studied and least talked-about political genocide of the last century, and lifting the veil on it really is long overdue.”
Learning from History
Lifting the veil is not only important for the West and other parts of the world to learn about the mistakes of the past; or in this instance in the plain words of Evans about:
a case study in the politics of mass murder – what you can get away with when you characterize and demonise opponents in a particular way, achieving ends which are conceivably defensible by means which are morally atrocious.
It can also be the means to ensure that Southeast Asia and other countries see clearly the dark forces at work to influence and control their future.
Defenders and advocates of the west should ponder on this continuing tendency of their leaders to engage in an endless war, abetted by their media, that draws on racist and fear mongering sentiments.
Southeast Asian countries should reject being used as proxies by other countries’ political leaders to fight their wars. We should remember that those who preach their support for peace, freedom and human rights have a long history of falsehoods, lies and bloodied hands to account for.
公共政策分析学者
